Resources

We aggregate all of the resources we share in our weekly newsletter. Most recent news links are listed at the top:

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12.12.25

• 3 Simple Slide Tips That Deepen Learning—and Save Time
• What Parents Want Most From Schools: Clear, Honest Communication
• How Administrators Can Manage Priorities and Reclaim Their Time
• Cultivating a Peaceful Classroom Before Winter Break
• Practical Ways to Support Students With Adverse Childhood Experiences

12.05.25

• How to Combat Misinformation and Disinformation in the Classroom
• Creating Rich Math Tasks
• Simplifying Small Group Work in Elementary School
• 6 Ways to Maximize Turn and Talk
• Using Literature to Teach SEL in Middle School

11.28.25

• 5 Ways to Build Critical Literacy in the Age of AI
• To Motivate World Language Students, Tap Into Their Goals
• 6 Ways to Maximize Turn and Talk
• 4 Tips for Supporting Older Struggling Readers, From Researchers and Experts
• 3 Ways to Prime Students’ Brains for Achievement

11.21.25

• Practical mindfulness and meditation techniques for kids with ADHD
• How gratitude practices reduce administrator burnout and improve school culture
• Integrating social-emotional learning into physical education classes
• Facilitating student-led science investigations in high school
• Building social skills with games in kindergarten

11.14.25

• The Middle School Transition Is Tough. How Educators Can Help
• Universal Design for Learning in Formative Assessments
• Using “Tell Me More” Prompts to Make Learning Stick
• Math Fluency Strategies for K-2
• Quick Ways to Integrate Tech in the Classroom

11.07.25

• Conflict Resolution in Early Grades
• Fall Math Activities for Kindergarten
• Building Elementary Math Fact Fluency
• Guiding Disengaged Students to Try Again
• A Popular Method for Teaching Phonemic Awareness Doesn’t Boost Reading

10.31.25

• Performance Tasks in World Language Classes
• Halloween Science Experiments for Middle School
• Increasing Participation with Individual Whiteboards
• Managing Rainy Day Recess in Preschool
• UDL and AI Tips for Teachers

10.24.25

• Implementing Story Acting with Young Learners
• Learning Walls Help Cement Student Knowledge
• Hands-On Science in Elementary School
• How Schools Can Use AI in Smart, Responsible Ways
• Is Your Classroom Culture Conducive to Cold Calling?

10.17.25

• The 5 Practices That Turned Teacher Retention Around at My School
• How Do Teachers Learn Best? Here’s What They Say
• 6 Ways to Support Autistic Girls in the Classroom
• Adding Movement to Phonics Instruction
• A Constructivist Approach to Science Education

10.10.25

• 5 Big Ideas That Will Define the Future of Education
• ADHD is Punished in Schools: How Teachers Can Flip the Script
• How School Leaders Can Help Teachers Avoid Burnout
• Strategies to Improve Field Trips
• Rethinking Instructional Design: Tips for Teachers

10.03.25

• Using Tech Tools to Amplify Classroom Thinking Routines
• Useful Strategies to Support Students’ Working Memory
• Ensuring That Preschool Classroom Jobs Are Meaningful for Students
• Making Retrieval Practice a Classroom Routine
• The Pros and Cons of Homework (in 6 Charts)

09.26.25

• Collaboration Between General and Special Education Teachers
• Exploring Writing in Preschool
• Tips for New Teachers to Stay Flexible
• Using Graphs to Promote Data Literacy in Elementary School
• Essential National Parks Resources for Teachers

09.19.25

• 3 Simple Ways to Celebrate the Great Work Happening in Your School
• The Top 5 Myths Elementary Teachers Believe About the Science of Learning
• Students Make Mistakes: Here Are Better Ways to Correct Them
• How Students Benefit from Metacognitive Skills
• Family Communication Strategies That Work in Schools

09.12.25

• Simple Teacher Moves to Improve the Classroom
• How to Teach English Learners the Right Way
• What Can Educators Do to Elevate Student Voice?
• AI Tips for Teachers: How to Get Started
• How to Integrate Creative Writing Across Subjects

09.05.25

• Want Students to Be Better in Science? Bolster Their Math Skills
• Small Wins, Tiny Habits for ADHD
• How the Science of Resilience Has Evolved
• 4 Trends Shaping the 2025-26 School Year

08.29.25

• Connecting Science to Problem-Solving in the Real World
• Is More Playtime the Antidote to Kindergarteners’ Behavior Problems?
• Learning Through Play: What Preschool Parents Should Know About Play-Based Learning
• 6 Mentor Texts to Inspire Better Writing in Elementary School
• Better Group Work for Students: A Helpful Framework
• 4 Ways Principals Can Better Support Special Education Teachers

08.22.25

• Staging Activities in Social Studies to Build Engagement
• How I Designed a Life Skills Class at My School and Why You Should Too
• Healthy Work-Life Boundaries: 4 Tips for Teachers
• What Most Teachers Prioritize on Day One of a New School Year
• 3 Simple Ways to Boost Student Motivation

08.15.25

• The Best and Worst Teacher Advice for Starting the New School Year
• How I Design a Master Schedule No One Hates
• The Classroom Observation That Made Me Want to Quit Teaching

08.08.25

• 60-Second Strategy: One Word, One Sentence Closing Assessment Activity
• Science Classroom Scaffolds and Strategies
• Advice for New Teachers to Hit the Ground Running

08.01.25

• What Teachers Should Know About ChatGPT’s New Study Mode Feature
• We’re All Cheering for You: 9 Tips for New Teachers
• How to Help Students See the Relevance of Math
• 5 Tips for Teachers to Save on Classroom Supplies This Year

07.25.25

• How to start the school year with a focus on growth mindset
• Keep, Eliminate, Adapt
• How Classroom Jobs for Teens Instill Responsibility

07.18.25

• Try These Teacher-Endorsed Strategies for Social-Emotional Learning
• Six Ways to Increase Family Involvement in Special Education
• How Accessible Tech Can Promote Empathy and Collaboration
• How Celebrating Academic Progress Builds Motivation
• Will AI be the answer to K-12’s hiring headaches?

07.11.25

• PBS Documentary Explores Transition To Adulthood For Young People With Disabilities
• Here’s what you need to know about the federal IDEA special education program
• How Digital Games Can Help Young Kids Separate Fact From Fiction
• 7 Books That Are Inspiring Teachers Right Now
• How School Gardens Can Teach Students Valuable Skills for a Tech-Heavy World

07.04.25

• Helping Young Multilingual Learners Develop Their Metacognitive Skills
• How Top Principals Are Tackling Teacher Morale and Other Challenges
• How Digital Tools Can Spark Writing Growth in Young Students
• Create Opportunities for Authentic Student Participation in IEP Meetings
• Why AI May Not Be Ready to Write Your Lesson Plans

06.27.25

• This Intervention Cut Course Failures by a Third. How It Works
• How to Go Deeper on Family Engagement
• Resources for Educators, Families to Discuss Global Issues and Conflicts
• These supports can help first-year teachers feel more at ease
• Thinking beyond ‘math people’: How can schools make math more accessible?

06.20.25

• How Playing Chess Can Boost Academic Learning
• 10 Brilliant Uses of Edtech in 2025

06.13.25

• How to Improve Executive Functioning
• How to Use Riddle Rooms to Gamify Lessons

06.06.25

• What Teachers Need To Level Up Their AI Use: 4 Lessons Learned
• How Spelling Bees Can Improve Students’ Reading Skills
• Putting AI to Work in Schools Is Difficult. A New Toolkit Outlines How to Do It

05.30.25

• Active Kids Are Better Learners. Here’s How Principals Can Get Them Moving
• How can school leaders smooth student transitions to middle, high school?

05.23.25

• 4 Ways to Facilitate Awe in the Classroom
• Beyond Grades: Helping Families Support Students Academically
• Wearing the ‘Student Hat’

05.16.25

• How Educators Can Account for Student Anxiety During Lessons
• A Restorative Alternative to Out-of-School Suspensions

05.09.25

• 8 Small but Impactful Classroom Management Shifts
• Using Community Circles to Boost School Culture
• Ways to Help Students Build Attention Stamina
• Can AI Help Reduce Math Anxiety?

At NASET, we recognize that effective special education teaching is grounded in both knowledge and connection. The books for special education teachers and journals listed here have been carefully selected for their practical value and research-based insights.

As a new teacher, you can find clear guidance, while experienced educators can refine their practice. These resources support you in fostering inclusive, equitable, and high-impact learning environments.

The Best Books for Special Education Teachers to Read

Finding the right resources can make a huge difference in your teaching. There are many books for special education teachers to read, but not all of them are practical or easy to apply.

In this section, we’ve pulled together the ones that really add value. Titles that give you strategies, clarity, and ideas you can actually use in your classroom.

Foundational & Legal Guides

Before you get into the classroom strategies, it helps to have a solid base. Some of the best books for special education teachers focus on the laws, policies, and history that shape the field.

These guides explain things like IDEA, Section 504, and inclusion rights in a way that’s clear and useful, so you feel confident navigating the rules that affect your students every day.

• The Complete Guide to Special Education – Linda Wilmshurst & Alan Brue
• A comprehensive handbook covering special education laws, assessments, and collaboration with families. Offers clear explanations and practical tools to ensure educators deliver legally compliant and student-centered services.
• The Special Educator’s Survival Guide – Roger Pierangelo
• A practical reference for daily challenges—covering IEP development, student behavior management, and compliance issues. Designed to help both new and experienced teachers stay organized, confident, and effective.
• Special Education Law – Peter W. D. Wright & Pamela Darr Wright
• Breaks down IDEA, Section 504, and related legal frameworks in plain language. Equips teachers to advocate effectively and safeguard student rights.

Classroom Practice & Differentiation

Teaching isn’t one-size-fits-all. That’s especially true in special education. Good books for special education teachers give you tested strategies for adapting lessons, handling classroom challenges, and keeping students engaged no matter their learning style.

In this section, we highlight the resources that make your teaching smoother and more effective, while also helping you save time and energy.

• Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction – Margo Mastropieri & Thomas Scruggs
• An evidence-based guide to Universal Design for Learning, MTSS, and adaptive instructional methods. Provides ready-to-use strategies for meeting the needs of diverse learners in inclusive environments.
• Teaching Students with Special Needs in Inclusive Settings – Tom Smith, Edward Polloway, James Patton & Carol Dowdy
• Focuses on collaborative teaching practices that bridge general and special education. Offers research-backed techniques for ensuring all students participate fully in classroom learning.
• Lost at School – Ross W. Greene
• Introduces a collaborative problem-solving approach to address challenging behaviors. Shifts the focus from discipline to understanding, building stronger relationships and better outcomes.
• How to Reach and Teach Children with ADD/ADHD – Sandra F. Rief
• Packed with strategies for organization, attention, and behavior support. Helps teachers create structured, supportive environments where students with ADHD can succeed.

Specialized Needs & Advocacy

Every student has their own story, and sometimes that means unique challenges. The best books for special education teachers go beyond general advice and show you how to support children with autism, ADHD, dyslexia, and other specific needs.

They also help you build advocacy skills so you can stand up for your students and work closely with parents and school staff to create the best outcomes.

• You’re Going to Love This Kid! – Paula Kluth
• A compassionate, strengths-based guide to teaching students with autism in inclusive classrooms. Encourages educators to embrace individuality while fostering belonging.
• Thinking in Pictures – Temple Grandin
• Offers first-person insight into the autistic experience, revealing how sensory processing shapes learning. Inspires empathy and informed teaching practices.
• Differentiation and the Brain – David Sousa & Carol Ann Tomlinson
• Connects neuroscience research with classroom differentiation techniques. Gives teachers the science and strategies to design learning experiences that work for all students.
• Visual Supports for People with Autism – Marlene J. Cohen & Peter F. Gerhardt
• Explains how to design and implement visual schedules, cues, and prompts to promote independence. Ideal for enhancing understanding and reducing anxiety in autistic learners.

Assessment, IEPs & RTI/MTSS Tools

Evaluating progress and setting goals can feel complicated without the right resources. That’s where good books for special education teachers come in.

This section covers guides that break down IEP writing, explain RTI and MTSS step by step, and give you tools to track growth without drowning in paperwork. These resources are especially helpful if you want a clear, structured approach to student support.

• RTI: A Practitioner’s Guide to Implementing Response to Intervention – Daryl F. Mellard & Evelyn Johnson
• Step-by-step guidance for developing tiered intervention systems. Covers progress monitoring, data analysis, and team collaboration.
• The Special Education Teacher’s Guide to Assessment – Amanda B. Guerriero, Laura M. Houser & David A. Bernhardt
• Provides a clear overview of assessment types and their role in instructional planning. Supports data-driven decisions and effective IEP development.

Inclusion, Equity & Leadership

Inclusive teaching goes beyond lesson plans. It’s about creating a fair and supportive school culture. Some of the best books for special education teachers look at equity, diversity, and leadership, showing you how to champion inclusion not just in your classroom but across your school community.

These guides give you the bigger picture and the practical steps to lead change in a positive way.

• The Collaborative IEP – Anne Beninghof
• Offers strategies for building IEPs through true collaboration with students, families, and colleagues. Encourages a team-centered approach that leads to stronger, more personalized plans.
• All Means All – Heather Friziellie, Julie Schmidt & Jeanne Spiller
• Promotes a vision of equity where every learner is a general education student first. Provides leadership strategies for creating inclusive systems and practices.
• Co-Teaching Evolved – Wendy W. Murawski & Wendy L. Karge
• Presents modern, research-based approaches to co-teaching, integrating technology and inclusive practices. Strengthens partnerships between general and special educators.
• Fearless Classrooms: Building Trust, Resilience, and Psychological Safety – Douglas Reeves
• Shows educators how to create classrooms where students feel safe to take risks and engage fully. Strengthens trust, resilience, and belonging—critical elements for all learners, particularly those with unique needs.
• The Coaching Habit: Say Less, Ask More & Change the Way You Lead Forever – Michael Bungay Stanier
• A book that will take the way you see coaching to the next level. This practical guide distills coaching into seven powerful questions that foster deeper thinking, problem-solving, and self-reflection. Its strategies equip teachers with tools to help students—including those with special needs—open up, take ownership of their learning, and feel supported.

Journals & Research Outlets

Teaching evolves quickly, and staying up to date is important. Journals for special education teachers and professional journals for special education teachers keep you informed about the latest research, teaching methods, and policy changes.

Here, we’ll point to the publications that are actually worth following, so you’re always learning, adapting, and ready to bring new ideas into your work.

• Exceptional Children
• A leading peer-reviewed journal publishing rigorous research on special education practices and policy. https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ecx
• Teaching Exceptional Children
• Focuses on translating research into practical, classroom-ready strategies for educators. https://journals.sagepub.com/home/tcx
• Learning Disability Quarterly
• Publishes studies on assessment, intervention, and policy in the field of learning disabilities. https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ldq
• Intervention in School and Clinic
• Offers applied solutions for educators working with students with academic and behavioral challenges. https://journals.sagepub.com/home/isc
• Teacher Education and Special Education
• Highlights research on educator preparation, professional development, and special education leadership. us.sagepub.com

Share Your Recommendations

This list is a living resource, and we welcome your input. If you have a book or journal that has shaped your work and could benefit fellow special educators, please share your recommendation with us at contactus@naset.org. Together, we can ensure that every teacher has access to the tools they need to help all students thrive.

This comprehensive guide covers special education teacher salary, requirements, certification, and resources across 46 US states and Washington DC.

Special education teacher shortages affect virtually every state, with critical needs reported in 21 states and moderate shortages in most others. Salary ranges vary dramatically from $43,000 in South Dakota to over $90,000 in California and New York urban districts, while certification requirements show both commonalities and significant state-specific variations.

Here are the Key National Trends:

• Critical shortage crisis: 80% of districts report unfilled special education positions
• Federal compliance: No state allows emergency certification for special education due to IDEA requirements
• Salary competition: States increasing compensation to attract qualified teachers
• Alternative pathways: All states offer some form of alternative certification
• Interstate mobility: Growing emphasis on reciprocity agreements

Note: We are actively working to update the content in this list and it currently covers 46 states and Washington DC. Data for Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina will be added shortly.

National Salary Rankings (Average Special Education Teacher Salaries)

Let’s start with the big picture. On average, special education teacher salaries jump around a lot depending on where you live. A teacher in New York might pull in nearly double what someone in Mississippi makes.

However, of course, rent and groceries aren’t the same either. Before going through all the states one by one, let’s lay out the national averages so you can see how the numbers stack up before zooming into your state.

Highest Paying States:

1. California: $90,530+ (urban districts)
2. New York: $71,723 (NYC)
3. Utah: $69,161
4. New Mexico: $68,440
5. Colorado: $68,647
6. Connecticut: $68,746
7. Hawaii: $66,890 + $10,000 differential
8. Nevada: $66,930
9. Rhode Island: $66,991
10. Washington: $93,450 (Seattle)

Lowest Paying States:

1. South Dakota: $43,000-$57,828
2. Montana: $52,000-$53,000
3. Idaho: $45,000-$65,000
4. Maine: $45,110
5. West Virginia: $44,500-$55,618

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Average Special Education Teacher in the Northeast Region

The Northeast is where you’ll usually find the highest paychecks. New York and New Jersey top the charts, but the cost of living there can wipe out some of that advantage (try finding an affordable apartment in Manhattan. Good luck).

Here below, you’ll get the breakdown for each state so you can see what’s realistic if you’re teaching in this part of the country.

New York State

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 21,000 statewide (10,000+ in NYC alone)
• Student population: 21% receive special education services
• Shortage status: Critical shortage designated by US Department of Education
• Job growth: 15.33% projected through 2030

Compensation:

• Average salary: $63,837 statewide; $71,723 in NYC
• Starting salary: $68,902-$77,455 (2025 rates)
• Range: $44,646-$119,289
• Benefits: Comprehensive health insurance, commuter benefits, college savings
• Union: United Federation of Teachers (UFT) – 0.85% dues of Step 8B+L20 salary

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s minimum; master’s preferred (84% hold master’s)
• New certification: Students with Disabilities (All Grades) – established September 2022
• Testing: NYSTCE exams, edTPA performance assessment
• Timeline: Initial → Professional certificate pathway

Continuing Education:

• CTLE requirements: 100 hours per 5-year period
• Renewal: 5-year cycles

Key Resources:

• State department: NYSED Office of Teaching Initiatives
• Certification system: TEACH Account
• NYC recruitment: TeachNYC.net
• Special education data: NYS Special Education

Current Initiatives:

• New Students with Disabilities certification pathway
• Teacher residency programs
• Alternative certification expansion

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Pennsylvania

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 21,000 employed statewide
• Total districts: 788 districts with 108,756 teachers
• Shortage status: Significant shortage, plan to add thousands by 2025

Compensation:

• Average salary: $61,245-$64,358 statewide
• Starting salary: $40,000-$48,000 (Teach for America participants)
• Philadelphia average: $55,364
• Benefits: Pennsylvania Teachers’ Retirement System, health insurance

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s required; master’s preferred for advancement
• Testing: PECT (Pennsylvania Educator Certification Tests)
• Act 55 of 2024: Eliminates basic skills assessment (effective July 1, 2025)
• Certification levels: Instructional I (initial), Instructional II (permanent)

Key Resources:

• State department: PA Department of Education
• Certification system: TIMS
• Professional development: PaTTAN
• Testing: PECT

Recent Legislation:

• Act 55: Basic skills assessment elimination
• Act 82: Special education certification expansion

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New Jersey

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 15,525 statewide
• Student population: 16.1% have IEPs (above national 13% average)
• Federal rating: “Needs Assistance” for special education services
• Districts: 603 districts with 2,620 public schools

Compensation:

• Average salary: $58,136-$68,481 statewide
• Starting salary: $55,401
• Range: $50,992-$111,110
• Union: New Jersey Education Association (NJEA)

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from regionally accredited institution
• Certificate types: CE (eligibility), CEAS (advanced standing), Standard (permanent)
• Testing: Praxis Core, edTPA, subject-specific tests
• Dual requirement: Special education must combine with general education endorsement

Key Resources:

• State department: NJDOE Certification
• Application system: NJEdCert
• Special education office: Office of Special Education Programs

Recent Changes:

• Basic skills requirement eliminated January 1, 2025
• Five-year interstate reciprocity pilot program

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Connecticut

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 5,370 statewide
• Student population: 12.2% receive special education services
• Federal rating: “Meets Requirements” (highest rating)
• Immediate vacancies: 1,300 positions (2023)

Compensation:

• Average salary: $68,746 special education; $81,185 all teachers
• Starting salary: $43,000 (proposed increase to $60,000)
• Range: $40,944-$109,418
• Union: Connecticut Education Association (CEA) – 43,000 members

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s minimum; state-approved preparation program
• Special education coursework: 36 clock hours required for all teachers
• Testing: Praxis Core or alternatives, subject-specific tests
• Student teaching: 6-12 credit hours

Key Resources:

• State department: CT Department of Education
• Certification: Bureau of Certification
• Professional development: SERC
• Special education: Bureau of Special Education

Recent Funding:

• $150 million additional education funding (2023)
• Bills pending to raise starting salary to $60,000

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Massachusetts

Workforce Data:

• Total positions: 900+ in Boston alone; 5,151 statewide
• National ranking: #1 best state to live in (2024), #3 for teacher pay
• Shortage status: Significant shortage across state

Compensation:

• Average salary: $57,647-$66,727 special education; $92,307 all teachers
• Range: $43,690-$76,557
• Benefits: Massachusetts Teachers’ Retirement System, comprehensive health insurance
• Union: Massachusetts Teachers Association (MTA)

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from accredited institution
• Testing: MTEL (Massachusetts Test for Educator Licensure)
• Alternative tests: Praxis Core accepted
• License types: Initial, Provisional, Professional

Key Resources:

• State department: Massachusetts DESE
• Licensure system: ELAR
• Special education: Special Education Resources

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Average Salary for Special Education Teacher in the Southeast Region

In the Southeast, salaries tend to be lower than the national average. It’s not all bad news though. Living expenses are usually lower too, so your paycheck can stretch a bit further. We’ll cover states like Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama, and more so you’ve got a clear idea of what the numbers actually look like down here.

Tennessee

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 7,320 serving 1,791 schools
• Shortage status: 31% of positions vacant (2022-23)
• Student population: 13% have IEPs
• Districts: 140 school districts

Compensation:

• Average salary: $50,000-$65,000
• Starting salary: $42,000-$53,000
• Mid-career: $55,000-$65,000
• Experienced: $60,000-$75,000+

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from accredited institution
• Testing: Praxis Subject Tests, Praxis Core, Tennessee Literacy Success Act compliance
• License types: Practitioner (3-year), Professional (after 3+ years)

Key Resources:

• State department: Tennessee Department of Education
• Certification: Office of Educator Licensing
• Special education: Division of Special Education

Current Funding:

• TISA: Tennessee Investment in Student Achievement Act – $9B formula with $6,860 base plus special needs weights
• 2024-25 increase: $261 million budget increase

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Kentucky

Workforce Data:

• Shortage status: Special education identified as shortage area 2023-24
• Certification system: Rank-based (III, II, I)

Compensation:

• Average salary: $59,634 (2024)
• Range: $47,014-$78,099
• Starting: $40,000-$50,000
• Rank advancement: Higher education = higher pay

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s + approved preparation program
• Student teaching: 70 days minimum with 200 clock hours
• Testing: Praxis exams specific to special education area
• Renewal: Every 5 years

Key Resources:

• State board: Kentucky Education Professional Standards Board
• State department: Kentucky Department of Education
• Special education: Office of Special Education and Early Learning

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Alabama

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 600 in secondary special education
• Job growth: 8% expected (2016-2026)
• Shortage status: Critical shortage area

Compensation:

• Average salary: $52,390-$59,264
• Entry level: $35,293-$46,717
• Experienced: $66,651-$94,316
• Certification classes: B, A, AA with corresponding pay scales

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from accredited institution
• Testing: Alabama Educator Certification Assessment Program (AECAP), Praxis II
• Background check: Required through ASBI and FBI

Key Resources:

• State department: Alabama Department of Education
• Certification: Online application system
• Background checks: AIM Account, Fieldprint contractor

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Mississippi

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 910 statewide
• Student population: 13% with IEPs (matches national average)
• Federal rating: “Meets Requirements” (highest rating)
• Schools: 1,097 public schools across 152 districts

Compensation:

• Average salary: $47,833 (2025)
• Range: $41,955-$55,571
• MAEP levels: A ($41,500) to AAAA ($45,500) starting minimums
• National Board supplement: $6,000 annually

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from accredited institution
• Testing: ACT 21+ OR Praxis CORE, plus Praxis II PLT and subject tests
• Classes: A (initial), AA (master’s), AAA (specialist), AAAA (doctorate)

Key Resources:

• State department: Mississippi Department of Education
• Certification: Office of Educator Licensure
• Special education: Office of Special Education

Current Funding:

• 2024 formula: New Mississippi Student Funding Formula
• Investment: $2.95 billion including $250M additional

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West Virginia

Workforce Data:

• Shortage status: Critical shortage area
• Unfilled positions: 1,500 during 2022-23
• Job growth: 3.3% projected (above national average)

Compensation:

• Average salary: $44,500-$55,618
• Range: $28,460-$60,020
• 2020-21 minimums: Bachelor’s $32,057, Master’s $39,266

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from accredited institution
• Testing: Praxis I, Praxis II content and professional knowledge
• Types: Initial Professional (3-year), Professional (5-year), Permanent (veterans)

Key Resources:

• State department: West Virginia Department of Education
• Certification: Office of Certification (304) 558-7010
• Alternative programs: TeachWV.com

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Arkansas

Workforce Data:

• Student population: 16% served under IDEA
• Job growth: 9% projected (2020-2030)
• Shortage status: Critical shortage area

Compensation:

• Average salary: $64,514 (2024)
• Minimum salary: $50,000 (increased from $36,000 via LEARNS Act)
• Merit pay: Up to $10,000 bonuses for high-performing teachers
• 2024-25 bonuses: $14.24 million to 4,200 teachers

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s + approved preparation program
• Testing: Praxis Core, Praxis II PLT, subject areas, Foundations of Reading
• License types: Standard (5-year), Provisional (3-year), Lifetime (age 62+)

Key Resources:

• State department: Arkansas Division of Elementary and Secondary Education
• LEARNS Act: Information portal
• Certification: Office of Educator Effectiveness and Licensure

Major Reform:

• LEARNS Act (2023): Comprehensive education reform including merit pay system

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Louisiana

Workforce Data:

• Shortage status: NOT reporting special education shortages (2024-25)
• Certification structure: No general special education – must specialize by population

Compensation:

• Average salary: $52,247-$59,967
• Range: $16,247-$118,862
• Starting: $42,988 (2023 bachelor’s degree)
• Special incentives: $1,500 bonuses in some districts

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s (120 semester hours maximum 2024-25)
• GPA: 2.20 minimum for program entry
• Testing: Praxis I and II exams
• Field experience: 180 hours minimum

Key Resources:

• State department: Louisiana Department of Education
• Certification: TeachLouisiana.net
• Licensing: Office of Educator Licensure

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Average Salary of a Special Education Teacher in the Midwest Region

The Midwest is kind of a mixed bag. Some states pay fairly well compared to their cost of living, but others lag behind. If you’ve ever thought about teaching in Ohio, Michigan, or Illinois, this section gives you the salary averages and a look at what’s required to get licensed.

Ohio

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 18,600+ serving 615 districts
• Student population: 14.8% have IEPs (above national average)
• Federal rating: “Meets Requirements” (highest rating)
• Shortage status: Designated shortage area

Compensation:

• Average salary: $51,577-$58,990
• Starting salary: $38,780-$39,089
• Range: $38,780-$85,050
• Benefits: State Teachers Retirement System (STRSOH)
• Union: Ohio Education Association (91.7% unionization)

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from regionally-accredited institution
• Testing: Ohio Assessment for Educators (OAE) content and pedagogy
• Field experience: 100 clock hours minimum
• License progression: Resident Educator (2-year) → Professional (5-year) → Senior Professional → Lead Professional

Key Resources:

• State department: Ohio Department of Education
• Certification: Office of Educator Licensure
• Application system: ODE.CORE (Connected Ohio Records for Educators)
• Professional development: Ohio Center for Autism and Low Incidence

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Illinois

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 23,571 (2020-21)
• Student population: 14.5% have disabilities
• Federal rating: “Needs Assistance”
• Shortage status: Significant shortage

Compensation:

• Average salary: $62,500-$65,971
• Starting salary: $45,820-$48,830
• Range: $32,288-$100,920
• Benefits: Illinois Teachers Retirement System
• Union: Illinois Education Association (96.3% unionization – highest in nation)

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s minimum
• Testing: Illinois Licensure Testing System (ILTS), edTPA (score 39+)
• License type: Professional Educator License (5-year)
• Renewal: 120 hours professional development

Key Resources:

• State department: Illinois State Board of Education
• Application system: Educator Licensure Information System (ELIS)
• Tuition program: Illinois Special Education Teacher Tuition Waiver (SETTW)

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Michigan

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 13,151 statewide
• Student population: 13.7% have IEPs
• Federal rating: “Needs Assistance”
• Shortage status: Significant shortage

Compensation:

• Average salary: $53,253-$63,700
• Starting salary: $41,369-$43,600
• BLS by level: Secondary $71,930, Middle $70,430, Elementary $67,510
• Union: Michigan Education Association (84.7% unionization)

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from regionally-accredited institution
• Testing: Michigan Test for Teacher Certification (MTTC)
• License types: Provisional → Professional Education Certificate → Master Educator License
• Background check: Required plus First Aid/CPR within first year

Key Resources:

• State department: Michigan Department of Education
• Certification system: Michigan Online Educator Certification System (MOECS)
• Application system: Michigan Education Information System (MEIS)

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Indiana

Workforce Data:

• Total teachers: 61,000+ statewide
• Student population: 15.8% have IEPs (highest nationally)
• Federal rating: “Needs Assistance”
• Shortage status: Significant shortage

Compensation:

• Average salary: $58,139-$62,089
• Starting salary: $36,980-$47,600
• Range: $36,980-$98,823
• Union: Indiana State Teachers Association (65.4% unionization)

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s with 3.0 GPA
• Testing: Core Academic Skills Assessment (CASA), Development Assessment, content exams
• License types: Initial Practitioner (2-year) → Proficient Practitioner (5-year) → Accomplished Practitioner

Key Resources:

• State department: Indiana Department of Education
• Application system: Licensing Verification and Information System (LVIS)
• I-SEAL Program: $2.6 million Indiana Special Education Assisted Licensure program

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Wisconsin

Workforce Data:

• Total teachers: 62,500 in public schools
• Student population: 14% receive special education services
• Shortage status: Significant shortage
• Union: Wisconsin Education Association (48% unionization – affected by 2011 reforms)

Compensation:

• Average salary: $61,871-$64,680
• Starting salary: $37,765
• Range: $37,765-$100,905

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s minimum
• Student teaching: 18 weeks minimum
• Testing: Praxis II, Wisconsin Foundations of Reading Test
• License types: Initial Educator (5-year) → Professional Educator (5-year) → Master Educator (10-year)

Key Resources:

• State department: Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction
• Special education: DPI Special Education Team
• University programs: UW-Madison ranked #1 in education graduate programs

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Minnesota

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 7,750
• Student population: 15% have disabilities
• Job growth: 7% projected through 2030
• Districts: 339 independent districts plus charter schools

Compensation:

• Average salary: $61,920-$68,081
• Starting salary: $38,360-$49,000
• Range: Up to $90,290
• Minneapolis: $68,081 average
• Union: Education Minnesota (70,000+ members)

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from accredited preparation program
• License: Academic and Behavioral Strategist (ABS)
• Testing: Minnesota NES Essential Academic Skills, MTLE Pedagogy
• Renewal: Every 5 years

Key Resources:

• State department: Minnesota Department of Education
• Certification: Educator Licensing Division
• University programs: University of Minnesota-Twin Cities (top 10 nationally)

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Iowa

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 5,350
• Student population: 13.8% have disabilities
• Job growth: 6.2-6.6% projected through 2032
• Districts: 361 districts, 1,501 public schools

Compensation:

• Average salary: $52,000-$63,000
• Starting salary: $28,909-$44,830
• Master’s bonus: ~$4,000 annually
• Union: Iowa State Education Association

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from approved program
• Student teaching: 14 weeks required
• Testing: No longer required since 2022 for approved programs
• License types: Initial (2-year) → Standard (5-year) → Master Educator

Key Resources:

• State department: Iowa Department of Education
• Licensing: Iowa Board of Educational Examiners
• Job portal: Teach Iowa

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Missouri

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 9,000
• Student population: 13.8% have disabilities
• Federal rating: “Meets Requirements” (highest)
• Job growth: 2.6-2.9% projected

Compensation:

• Average salary: ~$52,000
• Benefits: Public School and Education Employee Retirement Systems
• Union: Missouri State Teachers Association, Missouri NEA

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s with preparation program
• Testing: Missouri General Education Assessment (MoGEA), Missouri Educator Gateway Assessments
• GPA: 2.75 overall, 3.0 in professional education
• License types: Initial Professional (4-year) → Career Continuous Professional

Key Resources:

• State department: Missouri Department of Elementary & Secondary Education
• Certification: DESE Educator Certification
• Job boards: MO Teaching Jobs, MOREAP

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Kansas

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 4,000+
• Student population: 14% have disabilities
• Shortage status: Critical shortages in adaptive PE, deaf/hearing impaired
• All areas: Declared critical shortage

Compensation:

• Average salary: $54,049-$91,082
• Starting salary: $38,649-$52,000
• Experienced: Up to $75,586
• Recent improvement: 9.5% increase (2018-2020)
• Union: Kansas National Education Association

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from KSDE-approved program
• Student teaching: Semester-long placement
• Testing: Praxis Core, Praxis Subject Assessments, PLT
• License types: Initial (2-year) → Professional (5-year) → Accomplished (10-year)

Key Resources:

• State department: Kansas State Department of Education
• University programs: University of Kansas (ranked #2 nationally)
• Job boards: Kansas Teaching Jobs, Kansas Education Employment Board

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Nebraska

Workforce Data:

• Student population: 15% have disabilities
• Unfilled positions: 137 during 2022-2023
• Job growth: 3.7% projected
• Districts: 253 public districts, 1,142 schools

Compensation:

• Average salary: $49,910-$61,395
• Omaha: $58,448-$61,395
• Starting: $28,909
• Benefits: Nebraska Public Employees Retirement System
• Union: Nebraska State Education Association

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from state-approved program
• Required coursework: Human Relations Training, Special Education Training
• Testing: Praxis Core, Praxis Subject Assessments
• License types: Initial (5-year) → Standard (5-year) → Professional (10-year)

Key Resources:

• State department: Nebraska Department of Education
• Application system: TEACH account system
• University programs: University of Nebraska-Lincoln

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North Dakota

Workforce Data:

• Shortage status: Critical shortage in all content areas
• Unfilled positions: 480 during 2022-2023
• Job growth: 8-8.5% projected
• Major cities: Fargo, Bismarck, Grand Forks, Minot

Compensation:

• Average salary: $54,957-$64,647
• Starting salary: $35,510-$45,880
• Union: North Dakota United

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from state-approved program
• Student teaching: 10 weeks required
• Testing: Praxis Core, Praxis Subject Assessments, PLT
• License types: Initial (2-year) → Professional (5-year) → Advanced

Key Resources:

• State department: North Dakota Department of Public Instruction
• Licensing: Education Standards and Practices Board
• University programs: University of North Dakota, Minot State University

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South Dakota

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 900
• Student population: 14% have disabilities
• Federal rating: “Meets Requirements” (highest)
• Job growth: 5.8-6.3% projected

Compensation:

• Average salary: $43,000-$57,828
• Starting salary: $34,455-$46,880
• Experienced: Up to $92,042
• Target: $48,500 statewide average
• Union: South Dakota Education Association

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from accredited institution
• Required coursework: South Dakota Indian Studies (grade C+)
• Testing: Praxis exams (140+ score)
• License types: Initial (1 or 5-year) → Renewal (1, 5, or 10-year)

Key Resources:

• State department: South Dakota Department of Education
• Job placement: Associated School Boards Teacher Placement Center
• University programs: University of South Dakota, Black Hills State University

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Salary of Special Education Teacher in the Southwest Region

The Southwest is interesting because demand is high and salaries vary a ton from state to state. Texas, for example, pays differently depending on the district, while places like New Mexico are working hard to recruit teachers.

Here’s the full rundown so you can see how the region compares.

Texas

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 20,000 serving 1,265 districts
• Student population: 9% identified (below national 13% average)
• Shortage status: Critical shortage for 2024-2025

Compensation:

• Average salary: $56,922 (2025)
• Starting salary: $50,000-$65,000
• State minimum: $34,390-$57,761
• Houston ISD special: $80,000-$92,000
• Union: Texas State Teachers Association, Texas AFT, ATPE

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from accredited institution
• Testing: TExES Special Education EC-12 (186), OGET, OPTE
• Certificate validity: 5 years, renewable
• Alternative certification: Available through approved programs

Key Resources:

• State department: Texas Education Agency
• Certification: ECOS (Educator Certification Online System)
• Professional development: 20 Regional Education Service Centers

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Arizona

Workforce Data:

• Student population: 12% have special needs
• Shortage status: Not reporting shortage for 2024-2025

Compensation:

• Average salary: $62,714 statewide
• Union: Arizona Education Association

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from accredited institution
• Testing: AEPA/NES Special Education (NT 601)
• Student teaching: 12 weeks minimum in special education
• Certificate validity: 12 years, renewable
• Alternative: Teaching Intern Certificate available

Key Resources:

• State department: Arizona Department of Education
• Application system: ADE Connect
• Certification portal: My Certification Portal

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Colorado

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 4,800
• Student population: 10% have disabilities
• Districts: 179 districts
• Shortage status: Not reporting shortage

Compensation:

• Average salary: $68,647 statewide
• Union: Colorado Education Association

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from regionally accredited institution
• Testing: Praxis 5903 (elementary math), 5205 (reading), 5355 (special education)
• License types: Initial (3-year) → Professional (renewable)
• Endorsements: Generalist (5-21), Early Childhood, Severe Needs

Key Resources:

• State department: Colorado Department of Education
• Certification: Educator Licensing Office
• Professional development: TEACH Colorado resources

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New Mexico

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 2,050+
• Student population: 14% have disabilities
• Districts: 89 districts
• Shortage status: Not reporting shortage

Compensation:

• Average salary: $68,440 statewide
• Recent increase: 17% average (2022)
• Union: NEA-New Mexico

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s minimum
• Testing: Praxis Teaching Reading (5205), Praxis Special Education (5355)
• Student teaching: 14 weeks required
• License types: Level I Provisional (3-year) → Level II Professional (9-year) → Level III (9-year, master’s)

Key Resources:

• State department: New Mexico Public Education Department
• Certification: NMPED Online Licensure Portal

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Oklahoma

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 3,450
• Student population: 15% have disabilities
• Shortage status: Not reporting shortage

Compensation:

• Average salary: $61,330 statewide
• Recent increase: 10.5% in 2024 (largest nationally)
• Union: Oklahoma Education Association

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from accredited institution
• Testing: OGET, OSAT, OPTE
• Certificate validity: 5 years, renewable
• Dual requirement: Special education + teaching area certificates

Key Resources:

• State department: Oklahoma Department of Education
• Certification: Single Sign-On system
• Professional development: Regional cooperatives

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Nevada

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 2,630
• Student population: 11% receive services
• Shortage status: Reporting shortage for 2024-2025

Compensation:

• Average salary: $66,930 statewide
• Union: Nevada State Education Association

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from accredited institution
• Testing: Praxis Core, PLT, Subject Assessment
• License types: Provisional (3-year) → Standard (5-year) → Professional (6-10 year)
• Interim route: 3-year pathway available

Key Resources:

• State department: Nevada Department of Education
• Application system: OPAL (Online Processing for Application)
• Professional development: Regional Professional Development Programs

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Utah

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 2,275
• Student population: 12% have disabilities
• Shortage status: Reporting shortage for 2024-2025

Compensation:

• Average salary: $69,161 statewide (highest in Southwest)
• Starting salary: Nearly $60,000
• Recent increase: 35.1% over 5 years
• Union: Utah Education Association

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from accredited institution
• Testing: Praxis exams, Foundations of Reading Test
• License types: Associate Educator (1-year) → Professional Educator (renewable)
• Areas: Special Education K-12, Special Education Birth-Age 5

Key Resources:

• State department: Utah State Board of Education
• Application system: USIMS (Utah Schools Information Management System)

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Salary for Special Education Teacher in the West Coast Region

The West Coast tends to lead with higher salaries (California especially). But the trade-off is sky-high living costs. A teacher’s paycheck might look great on paper, but rent in San Francisco or Los Angeles will eat it up very quickly.

This section includes through California, Washington, Oregon, Alaska, and Hawaii so you can get the real story behind the numbers.

California

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 24,000+ statewide
• Student population: 740,000 students with disabilities
• Shortage status: Severe shortage – 2 in 3 new teachers underprepared
• Percentage: 13-15% of teacher workforce

Compensation:

• Average salary: $61,205-$90,530
• Starting salary: $52,550
• Experienced: Up to $100,670
• Union: California Teachers Association – 310,000 members
• Union dues: $1,072 annually ($229 local, $656 CTA, $187 NEA)

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s minimum, master’s preferred
• Credential: Education Specialist Instruction Credential (preliminary → clear)
• Testing: Subject matter competency exams
• Timeline: Preliminary valid 5 years

Key Resources:

• State department: California Department of Education
• Certification: California Commission on Teacher Credentialing
• Contact: (916) 445-4613

Current Funding:

• Teacher development: $1+ billion invested (2018-2023)
• Golden State Grants: $20,000 awards (reduced to $10,000 in 2024-25)
• Residency programs: $672 million investment
• Federal impact: $800M+ funding hold affecting programs

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Washington

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 5,500
• Student population: 124,000+ receive services (12%)
• Shortage status: 12th nationally for shortages
• Workforce loss: 2022 marked 37-year high

Compensation:

• Average salary: $57,435-$111,397
• Starting salary: $50,156-$55,045
• Seattle average: $93,450 (61% above national)
• Union: Washington Education Association
• Union dues: $1,060 annually ($425 local, $443 state, $192 NEA)

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from accredited institution
• Testing: WEST-B (basic skills), WEST-E (content), edTPA
• Certificate types: Residency Teacher (5-year) → Professional
• Background check: Required

Key Resources:

• State department: Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction
• Certification: Professional Educator Standards Board
• Professional development: Washington Staff Development Network

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Oregon

Workforce Data:

• Student population: 75,000 K-12 students receive services (13.3%)
• Total served: 85,000+ ages 0-21
• Shortage status: Moderate shortage

Compensation:

• Average salary: $64,873 annually
• Starting salary: $51,142
• Experienced: $84,963-$124,410
• Portland: Higher than rural areas

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s minimum, master’s preferred
• Testing: Civil Rights Exam, ORLEA Special Education (score 220)
• Student teaching: 3-6 months internship
• GPA: 2.5-3.0 minimum for programs

Key Resources:

• State department: Oregon Department of Education
• Certification: Oregon Teacher Standards and Practices Commission
• Professional development: Oregon DATA Project, ReadOregon

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Alaska

Workforce Data:

• Student population: 13.7% have IEPs
• Shortage status: Significant shortage, especially rural
• Districts: 53 districts, 516 schools

Compensation:

• Average salary: $70,227 annually
• Range: $41,822-$111,762
• High school: $77,790 (30% above national)
• Fairbanks: $81,090 (highest)
• Rural incentives: Higher salaries and bonuses

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from accredited institution
• Testing: Praxis Core, Praxis II content exams
• Required courses: Sexual abuse, domestic violence, suicide prevention, substance abuse
• Certificate types: Initial (3-year) → Professional (5-year) → Master Teaching (10-year)

Key Resources:

• State department: Alaska Department of Education & Early Development
• Certification: Teacher Education and Certification Office (907) 465-2831
• Application system: TEACH-AK

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Hawaii

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 1,851
• Student population: 11% have IEPs
• School system: Single statewide district (291 public, 31 charter)
• Shortage status: Moderate shortage

Compensation:

• Average salary: $62,671-$66,890
• State range: $58,000-$80,000
• Special education differential: $10,000 annual bonus
• Hard-to-staff differential: $3,000-$8,000 additional
• Hawaiian immersion: $8,000 differential
• Union: Hawaii State Teachers Association
• Contract increase: 14.5% over 4 years (2023-2027)

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s minimum
• Testing: Praxis Core, Praxis Special Education
• Certificate types: Provisional (3-year) → Standard → Advanced
• Student teaching: Required through SATEP

Key Resources:

• State department: Hawaii Department of Education
• Certification: Hawaii Teacher Standards Board
• Recruitment: TeachInHawaii.org

Recent Improvements:

• Ranking: 6th nationally for starting salary competitiveness
• Bonus continuation: Special education differentials through 2025-2026

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Average Salary Special Education Teacher in the Remaining States and DC

This is the “everywhere else” section. States that don’t fit neatly into the other regions. Think Vermont, Idaho, or Montana. They still matter, of course, and their salary data might surprise you. Washington DC is included here too, with its own quirks when it comes to pay and requirements.

Montana

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 842
• Student population: 12% have special needs
• Federal rating: “Needs Assistance”
• Vacancies: 443 teacher positions (2022-2023)

Compensation:

• Average salary: $52,000-$53,000
• Starting salary: $27,274 (significantly below national)
• Benefits: Montana Teachers Retirement System

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s, approved preparation program
• Testing: Praxis II exams
• License types: Class 1 Professional (master’s + 3 years), Class 2 Standard (bachelor’s), Class 5 provisional (3-year)
• Renewal: 60 PDUs every 5 years

Key Resources:

• State department: Montana Office of Public Instruction
• Address: P.O. Box 202501, Helena, MT 59620-2501
• Job portal: Jobs for Teachers Montana

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Wyoming

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 900+
• Student population: 15% require services (2022-23)
• Federal rating: “Meets Requirements” (highest)
• Districts: 48 statewide

Compensation:

• Average salary: $60,470
• Entry-level: $43,000-$48,000
• Mid-career: $50,000-$62,000
• Experienced: $81,000+

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s from approved program
• Student teaching: 8 consecutive weeks minimum
• Testing: Praxis II for Elementary and Social Studies only
• License: Standard License (single tier)
• Background check: FBI fingerprint cards required

Key Resources:

• State department: Wyoming Department of Education
• Certification: Wyoming Professional Teaching Standards Board
• Address: 2001 Capitol Avenue, Cheyenne, WY 82002

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Idaho

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 870
• Student population: 12% have special needs
• Federal rating: “Needing Intervention”
• Shortage status: Critical shortage area

Compensation:

• Average salary: $45,000-$65,000
• Entry-level: $40,000-$50,000
• Mid-career: $50,000-$70,000
• Experienced: $70,000+
• Secondary median: $49,550

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s, approved preparation program
• Testing: Praxis II content and performance assessments
• Certificate: Standard Instructional with endorsements
• Renewal: 180 hours PD or 12 credit hours every 5 years

Key Resources:

• State department: Idaho State Department of Education
• Job portal: Idaho Education Employment
• Alternative: American Board for Certification of Teacher Excellence

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Vermont

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 1,150+
• Student population: 14.8% have IEPs
• Federal rating: “Needs Assistance”
• Schools: 323 public schools in 291 districts

Compensation:

• Starting salary: $39,196
• Peer review fee: $1,200 for alternative certification

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s, approved preparation program
• Student teaching: 12 weeks minimum (unpaid)
• Testing: Praxis Core ($270 separate/$150 combined), Praxis II (varies)
• License types: Initial Vermont Educator License, temporary options available

Key Resources:

• State department: Vermont Agency of Education
• Certification: Educator Licensure Office
• Support: Vermont-NEA GrowVT-Ed program

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New Hampshire

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 2,400+ serving 494 public schools
• Student population: 15.3% have IEPs
• Federal rating: “Needs Assistance”
• Districts: 180 school districts

Compensation:

• Average salary: $64,937 (special education)
• Range: $38,678-$103,356
• Most earn: $51,192-$85,047
• General teachers: $61,680 median

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s, approved preparation program
• Testing: Praxis Core OR 50th percentile ACT/SAT/GRE, Praxis Subject Assessment, Foundations of Reading
• License types: Beginning Educator License → Experienced Educator License
• Renewal: 45 CEUs every 3 years

Key Resources:

• State department: New Hampshire Department of Education
• Certification: Bureau of Educator Certification
• Resources: Salary reports on NHDOE website

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Maine

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 2,000 serving 662 public schools
• Student population: 15.6% have IEPs
• Federal rating: “Needs Intervention” (among lowest)
• Districts: 246 school districts

Compensation:

• Average salary: $45,110 (2009-2010, ranked 35th nationally)

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s, approved preparation program
• Testing: Praxis requirements vary by endorsement
• License types: Provisional (2-year), Professional (5-year)
• Processing fee: $100
• Background check: Required

Key Resources:

• State department: Maine Department of Education
• Certification: Certification and Credentialing office
• Union: Maine Education Association (NEA affiliate)

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Rhode Island

Workforce Data:

• Total teachers: 10,687 (13:1 student-teacher ratio)
• Student population: 142,949 in 317 public schools
• Shortage areas: Language arts, science, math, special education, art

Compensation:

• Average salary: $66,991 (special education)
• Range: $39,906-$106,624
• Experience progression: 2-4 years $68,033, 5-8 years $74,180, 8+ years $75,717
• Alternative data: $75,350 average with $53,330-$97,330 range

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s, approved preparation program
• Student teaching: 60 hours field experience + 12 weeks student teaching
• Testing: Praxis I, Praxis II content areas
• License types: Initial (3-year), Professional (5-year), Advanced (7-year)

Key Resources:

• State department: Rhode Island Department of Education
• Job portal: SchoolSpring
• Union: Rhode Island Federation of Teachers (10,000 members)

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Delaware

Workforce Data:

• Total teachers: 9,399 (15:1 student-teacher ratio)
• Student population: 136,293 in 228 K-12 public schools
• Certification concern: 62 special education teachers identified with gaps

Compensation:

• Fee: $100 application fee (reimbursable upon employment)
• Dual requirement: Initial License + Standard Certificate

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s, approved preparation program OR 15 special education credits
• Testing: Praxis II Special Education: Core Knowledge and Applications, PPAT/edTPA
• License types: Initial (4-year, non-renewable), Continuing (5-year, renewable)
• Renewal: 90 clock hours PD (45 job-related)

Key Resources:

• State department: Delaware Department of Education
• System: DEEDS online registration
• University programs: University of Delaware, Delaware State University

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Maryland

Workforce Data:

• Total special education teachers: 8,500 serving 1,475 public schools
• Student population: 12.1% have IEPs
• Federal rating: “Meets Requirements” (highest)
• Districts: 24 public school districts

Compensation:

• Average salary: $69,000-$81,000 (special education)
• BLS 2023: Secondary $81,280, Middle $77,580, Elementary $74,080
• Indeed average: $89,814
• Starting salary: $51,548 (5th highest nationally)
• Overall average: $79,420 (8th highest nationally)

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s, approved preparation program
• Testing: Praxis I OR passing SAT/ACT/GRE, Praxis II, Special Education Core Knowledge (70%+)
• Certificate types: PEC (5-year), SPC I (5-year), SPC II (5-year, 3 years experience), APC (5-year, master’s)

Key Resources:

• State department: Maryland State Department of Education
• System: TEACH account
• University programs: University of Maryland-College Park (top 11 nationally)

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Washington DC

Workforce Data:

• Unfilled positions: 160 teaching positions (2021-2022)
• Underqualified: 430 teachers working outside certification

Compensation:

• Average salary: $88,000 (elementary to high school)
• Special education: $58,956-$64,022
• Range: $44,682-$78,295
• Performance pay: IMPACTplus system for highly effective teachers

Certification Requirements:

• Degree: Bachelor’s, approved preparation program
• Testing: Praxis Core (Reading 172+, Writing 171+, Math 174+) OR 3.0+ GPA, Praxis II Special Education
• License types: One-Year Provisional, Initial (2-year), Standard (4-year)
• Processing time: 12 weeks

Key Resources:

• State department: Office of the State Superintendent of Education
• System: Educator Credential Information System (ECIS)
• District: DC Public Schools (separate from OSSE)

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National Trends & Comparisons

Numbers only tell part of the story. Across the country, schools are dealing with teacher shortages, new certification pathways, and different ways of structuring pay.

Some districts are even testing bonus systems or loan forgiveness to bring in more special ed teachers. This section is all about the bigger picture so you can see where things are heading.

Special Education Teacher Shortages

States Reporting Critical Shortages:

• Severe Crisis: Tennessee (31% vacant), North Dakota (all areas), West Virginia (1,500 unfilled)
• Significant Shortages: New York, California, Washington, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Kansas, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Kentucky, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Alaska, Montana, Idaho, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Rhode Island, Delaware, Maryland, Washington DC

States NOT Reporting Shortages:

• Louisiana: Only state not reporting special education shortages
• Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma: Not reporting current shortages

Certification Requirements Comparison

Most Stringent:

• Delaware: Dual licensing requirement (teaching license + certificate)
• California: Most rigorous preparation requirements
• New York: New specialized certification pathway
• Wyoming: Highest federal compliance standards

Most Flexible:

• Louisiana: Shorter program requirements
• Texas: Strong alternative certification options
• Arizona: 12-year certificate validity
• Oklahoma: Multiple alternative pathways

Innovative Compensation Models

Performance-Based Pay:

• Arkansas: Merit pay up to $10,000 (LEARNS Act)
• Hawaii: $10,000 special education differential
• Washington DC: IMPACTplus system
• Mississippi: $6,000 National Board supplement

Shortage Area Incentives:

• Alaska: Rural/remote bonuses
• Hawaii: Hard-to-staff differentials $3,000-$8,000
• Houston ISD: $80,000-$92,000 for special education
• California: Golden State Teacher Grants

Alternative Certification Pathways

Most Comprehensive:

• Texas: Multiple approved programs
• California: Intern programs
• New York: Career changers, Teach for America
• Illinois: SETTW tuition waiver program

Limited Options:

• Alaska: Limited pathways
• Wyoming: Restrictive requirements
• Vermont: Expensive peer review ($1,200)

Continuing Education Requirements

Most Demanding:

• Illinois: 120 hours/5 years
• New York: 100 hours/5 years
• Colorado: 90 contact hours + specialized training
• Rhode Island: Complex PLU system

Other training structures:

• Arizona: 12-year certificate validity
• Wyoming: No specified renewal requirements found
• Some states: 45-60 hours/5 years

Key Recommendations

For Prospective Teachers:

1. Highest compensation: California, New York, Utah, Washington (urban)
2. Best job availability: Texas, Tennessee, North Dakota, Alaska
3. Easiest certification: Louisiana, Arizona, Texas (alternative routes)
4. Most support: Illinois (tuition waiver), Hawaii (differentials), Arkansas (merit pay)

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Quick Reference State Comparison Tables

These tables pull together the most important details (starting salaries, certification testing, and renewal timelines) for every state in one place. It’s an easy way to compare requirements side by side and spot the differences quickly.

Starting Salaries by State

State	Starting Salary	Special Ed Differential
California	$52,550	Varies by district
New York	$68,902-$77,455	None specified
Texas	$50,000-$65,000	Houston: $80,000-$92,000
Hawaii	$58,000-$80,000	$10,000 bonus
Utah	~$60,000	None specified
Colorado	Varies by district	None specified
Washington	$50,156-$55,045	None specified
Illinois	$45,820-$48,830	None specified
Massachusetts	Varies by district	None specified
Connecticut	$43,000	None specified

Certification Testing Requirements

State	Basic Skills	Content	Performance
California	Subject competency	✓	✓
New York	NYSTCE	✓	edTPA
Texas	OGET	TExES	✓
Illinois	ILTS	✓	edTPA
Pennsylvania	PECT	✓	✓
Ohio	OAE	✓	✓
Florida	Data not available
Michigan	MTTC	✓	✓
Washington	WEST-B	WEST-E	edTPA
Oregon	Civil Rights	ORLEA	✓

License Renewal Periods

State	Renewal Period	PD Requirements
California	5 years	Ongoing
New York	5 years	100 hours
Texas	5 years	CPE required
Illinois	5 years	120 hours
Pennsylvania	Varies	Required
Ohio	5 years	Required
Michigan	5 years	Required
Washington	5 years	100 hours
Arizona	12 years	Varies
Utah	Varies	Required

This guide represents the most current available data on special education teacher requirements, salaries, and resources across the United States. NASET advises that for the most up-to-date information, you always consult individual state department of education websites and certification boards.

Each month as we host experts from across the special education spectrum for comprehensive discussions and lively Q&A sessions!

NASET Members get free access to ALL NASET webinars – Join Today!

Upcoming Webinars

February 18, 2026

The State of Special Education Careers, From Shortages to Retention What Helps Teachers Stay

March 17, 2026

Transition Planning 101: Building a Roadmap for Post-Secondary Success

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Previous Webinars

January 7, 2026

The Pediatric Brain, Learning Disabilities, and Screening Tools for Literacy Milestones and Dyslexia

January 21, 2026

FREE WEBINAR: IDEA at 50: Live Fireside Chat with Dr. Ed W. Martin Jr., Co-Author of the Law Behind Every IEP

December 9, 2025

Disability, Discipline and Due Process (access the PDF slides here)

November 13, 2025

A Special Education Teacher, Administrator, and a Lawyer Walk Into a NASET Webinar…(access the PDF slides here)

October 27, 2025

Special Education Landscape Briefing (access the PDFs, slides, and more here)

October 22, 2025

Dyslexia and The Science of Reading (access the PDFs and Slides here)

September 22, 2025

IEPs That Work with Stephanie DeLussey (access the PDFs and slides here)

September 25, 2025

The Role of Law in Special Education (access the PDF slides here)

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